on Indoor Air Quality
Combined Meeting Notes:
DHS
and
American Lung Association of California
Bay Area Air Quality Management District
California Air Resources Board / IAQ & Personal Exposure Assessment Program
California Department of Education / School Facility and Planning Division
California Department of Health Service / Environmental Health Investigations Branch
California Department of Health Service / Indoor Air Quality Section
California Department of Health Service / Occupational Health Branch
California Department of Health Service / Radon Program
California Department of Health Service / Tobacco Control Program
California Department of Industrial Relations (Cal/OSHA)
California Integrated Waste Management Board / Sustainable Building Program
California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (Indoor Air Risk Assessment)
California Department of Toxics Substances Control (Hazardous Materials Laboratory)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory / Indoor Environments Program
San Francisco Department of the Environment
Southern California Environmental Health Sciences/Children's Environmental Health Center
UC Environmental Health & Safety Program
U.S. EPA Region IX / Indoor Environment Team
U.S. Federal Interagency Committee on IAQ
In the current session, there are two Assembly Bills that address indoor air quality issues:
AB 2276 has passed the Assembly Floor vote, and it is yet to be scheduled for hearing in the Senate. AB 3018 is in suspense in the Assembly Appropriation Committee. Unless it passes out of committee to allow a floor vote, it will die in the Assembly.
June 2nd is the last day for a bill to pass out of its house of origin, and the legislature starts it recess in July. Because the time is short, it is important that groups and individuals immediately direct their concerns and/or support to the bills sponsors and the house leadership.
Exposures to cleaning
product chemicals and pollutants formed by reactions with ozone
Brett Singer
Indoor
Environments Division, Lawrence
Presentation is available on-line at
When cleaning products and air fresheners are used indoors, occupants are exposed to airborne chemicals, potentially leading to health risks. Indoor air pollutant exposures owing to cleaning product and air freshener use depend on emissions from products, dynamic behavior of chemical species, and human factors.
A series of experiments was conducted to investigate
volatile organic compound emissions, concentrations, and reactive chemistry
associated with the household use of cleaning products and air fresheners.
Research focused on two common classes of ingredients in cleaning products and
air fresheners: ethylene-based glycol ethers, which are classified as toxic air
contaminants, and terpenes, which react rapidly with
ozone. A shelf-survey of retail outlets led to the selection of 21 products
whose chemical composition was characterized. Among the criteria used to select
these products were ready availability through
Of the 17 cleaning products characterized, four contained substantial levels of d-limonene (4-25% by mass), three contained terpenoids that are characteristic of pine oil, six contained substantial levels of ethylene-based glycol ethers (0.8-10% by mass), and five contained less than 0.2% of any of the target analytes. Xylene in one product was the only other toxic air contaminant detected. Among the four air fresheners characterized, three contained substantial quantities (9-14% by mass) of terpene hydrocarbon and terpene alcohol constituents, with linalool being the most abundant. Six of the 21 products were investigated in simulated-use experiments in which emissions and concentrations of primary constituents were measured. Cleaning products that contain 2- butoxyethanol as an active ingredient produced one-hour-average concentrations of 300 to 2,300 micrograms per cubic meter immediately after simulated typical use in a room-sized chamber. For cleaning products that contain d-limonene as an active ingredient, corresponding levels were 1,000 to 6,000 micrograms per cubic meter. Application of a pine-oil based cleaner produced one-hour-average concentrations of 10-1300 micrograms per cubic meter for terpene hydrocarbons and terpene alcohols. Reactive chemistry was studied by exposing constituents of three products to ozone, both in a bench-scale chamber and during simulated use. Prominent products of the reaction of terpenes with ozone included formaldehyde (a toxic air contaminant), hydroxyl radical, and secondary organic aerosol (a form of fine particulate matter).
Incorporating the new experimental data, exposures were estimated for several simulated use scenarios. Under ordinary circumstances, exposures to 2-butoxyethanol, formaldehyde, and secondary organic aerosol are not expected to be as high as guideline values solely as a result of cleaning product or air freshener use. However, ordinary use could lead to exposure levels of similar magnitude as guideline values. Scenario model results suggest that exposure levels could exceed guideline values under exceptional yet plausible conditions, such as cleaning a large surface area in a small room. The results of this study provide important information for understanding the inhalation exposures to certain air pollutants that can result from the use of common household products.
AGENCY REPORTS ON CURRENT IAQ ACTIVITIES
-- Bonnie Holmes-Gen ()
Check their web site (above).
-- Elinor Blake,
-- Saffet Tanrikulu,
Check their web site (above).
California Air Resources Board / Indoor Air Quality & Personal Exposure Assessment Program
-- Peggy Jenkins ()
Environmental Tobacco Smoke Identified As Toxic Air Contaminant
The California Air Resources Board formally identified environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) as a Toxic Air Contaminant at the January Board meeting. The identification was based on a report that was prepared jointly by OEHHA and ARB, and approved by the Scientific Review Panel, an external advisory panel. The report updated estimates of lung cancer deaths, other cancers, and many other adverse effects, and provided new estimates for breast cancer. The report also presented important outdoor monitoring results for ETS exposure at locations such as the airport and an amusement park where smokers gather. As with other toxic air contaminants, ARB staff will now consider whether further actions are needed to address ETS.
New Fact Sheet On Ozone Generators
ARB has just released a new fact sheet on ozone generators ─ indoor air cleaners or air purifiers that purposely emit ozone. These purported air cleaners do not clean the air as advertised, and in fact can produce indoor ozone levels equivalent to a stage 1 smog alert in the home. Ozone not only irritates the respiratory system, but it can cause permanent lung damage, and can exacerbate (and possibly cause) asthma. The fact sheet was developed as part of a new ARB outreach program just getting underway to inform medical professionals, retirement groups, asthma and allergy organizations, and many others about the dangers of ozone generators. The fact sheet, along with an updated list of ozone generators sold as air purifiers, can be found on-line at
CEC-ARB New Homes Field Study: Pilot Study Completed
A pilot study was conducted in
three
Also in December, the Board approved an Augmentation for this study. The primary additions are an improved method for measuring air exchange rates, and sampling of eight more homes with mechanical whole-house ventilation systems.
Environmentally Preferable Products Task Force
ARBs Indoor Program staff are active participants on the CIWMB-DGS Environmentally Preferable Products (EPP) Task Force. The Task Force wrapped up a lightning speed effort in December to develop the first set of specifications for EPPs, which are now in a Best Practices Manual on the web . The specifications provide guidance to all state procurement officers and others for selecting green products, i.e., those that are energy-efficient, resource efficient, and healthful. A few of the chapters with ARB input include cleaning products, office furniture, ink, paints, and carpet. New specifications will be developed in for additional products.
Workgroup to Develop Standards for Recycled Paint
Dorothy Shimer is participating in a national effort to develop environmental and performance standards for recycled paint. The Product Stewardship Institute (PSI) is a non-profit organization heading the effort. The Paint Product Stewardship Initiative (PPSI) began in, but has just recently pulled together a group of stakeholders to provide comments on standards for latex paint. Funding is provided by the California Integrated Waste Management Board, Portland Metro Regional Government, and Dunn-Edwards Corporation.
Preliminary tests indicate
reprocessed paints (50% or more post-consumer content) passed performance
tests. During the , recycled paint averaged 150g/L VOC, somewhat less than
the
Updating the Indoor and Outdoor Air Criteria for New Schools
Tom Phillips
participated in several meetings of the Technical Committee of the
Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) to update the Best Practices Manual for
K-12 school design. His comments focused on the manual sections dealing with
reducing indoor air pollution from building materials and construction
activities, reducing noise in classrooms, reducing emissions from diesel school
buses, and siting schools away from roadways and
other outdoor pollutant sources.
Building Ventilation and Energy Standards Workshop
Tom Phillips attended a public workshop on potential revisions to state energy efficiency standards for the design of nonresidential buildings. The California Energy Commission held the workshop, the fourth in a series that will lead to revised residential and nonresidential building standards in. Three proposed revisions that may affect ventilation and indoor air quality (IAQ) were outlined; they would all be optional compliance credits rather than requirements:
Natural ventilation (operable windows and no exhaust ventilation or air-conditioning), only in mild-climate coastal areas in office and school buildings.
Displacement ventilation, and underfloor air distribution. These two approaches both supply fresh air at or near the floor level, relying on thermal stratification to achieve more efficient temperature control and pollutant removal in the occupants breathing zone.
Fault detection and diagnostics (FDD), and building performance monitoring systems.
Study to Measure Ultrafine Particles in Schoolrooms and Residences
At its December, meeting, the
Air Resources Board approved a study that will be conducted by Dr. Bill Nazaroff at UCB to measure UFP and related pollutants
inside
-- Michael ONeil ()
Check their web site (above).
California Department of Health Service / Environmental Health Investigations Branch
-- Sandra McNeel ()
Report to the Legislature on Implementation Status of the Toxic Mold Protection Act of. The report, authored by Sandy McNeel, Janet Macher and Jed Waldman, addresses the first of the SB 732-mandated tasks listed above, specifically, that DHS scientific staff consider whether it is feasible to adopt permissible exposure limits (PELs) for indoor mold. After considerable research into this issue, DHS scientists concluded that although recent studies have strengthened the evidence between living or working in a damp environment and increased risk for respiratory symptoms, the role of mold growth in these complex environments is still unclear. Damp buildings also encourage the growth of bacteria, dust mites and cockroaches, as well as degradation of wet building materials that can also release irritant chemicals indoors. Some or all of these chemicals or biological organisms may contribute to occupant illness. For these and other reasons detailed in the report, science-based PELs for indoor molds cannot be established at this time. The report is available on-line at https://www.cal-iaq.org/MOLD/SB732update.htm.
-- Jed Waldman () https://www.cal-iaq.org/
New Staff Joins DHS-IAQS
The IAQS was recently joined by Mr. Kunning
Zhu, as our new Research Scientist (Epidemiology/Biostatistics). Kunning will
complete his PhD at the Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences
Institute and
Tire Derived Flooring Study
Development of markets and alternative uses for waste tires is a major effort for the California Integrated Waste Management Board (Board) and has large environmental benefits. In, the Board sponsored the Building Material Emissions Study (published in), which measured the chemicals off-gassing from resilient flooring products made with recycled tires, among other products. The study found that indoor uses of tire-derived flooring had the potential to cause exposures to several chemicals of concern above State air toxics guidelines. These findings led the authors to conclusion: further refinement and testing of rubber-based resilient products is necessary before these products can be promoted for wide use in most indoor environments.
In, the Board funded the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) to better characterize the chemical emissions from resilient rubber based products and to develop specific Indoor Reference Exposure Levels (iRELs). The iREL is intended to serve as health standard for chemicals emitted indoors posing the greatest public health threat. It is the concentration of a chemical that is safe to be exposed to for eight hours or for a longer period of time if appropriate.
To help guide in the selection of new health-based iRELs for chemicals emitted from tire-derived rubber products, additional emissions testing research was funded as a subcontract to OEHHA. The study was supported by an OEHHA Contract to the Public Health Institute, funded as part of CIWMB Contract Number IWM 03082, total contract amount $400,000 pursuant to Government Code section 7550. This final report is submitted in fulfillment of the contract requirements.
The project was conducted by the California Department of Health Services, beginning in and ending in the spring of. The research was conducted within the Indoor Air Quality Section of the Departments Environmental Health Laboratory Branch. Substantial in-kind support for staff, equipment, and supplies, was provided by the Department of Health Services.
The primary goal of this laboratory study is to identify and quantify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions of from resilient flooring made with recycled tire materials. Our primary focus is to evaluate tire-derived rubber (TDR) resilient flooring products that are, or can be, used indoors. In an indoor setting, the VOCs emitted from these products may result in chronic inhalation exposures or acute irritancy for occupants. This report will identify chemicals emitted from TDR flooring that may cause exposures at levels of health concern.
Prior emissions testing in this laboratory relied on a standardized screening protocol used in the BMES: a 10-day conditioning period followed by a 4 day testing period, with reportage of emissions at 14 days. In order to ascertain VOC emissions over time for the current study, protocols were developed to extend the test period to 90 days. An additional goal is to repeat tests on the same products manufactured at different times to help characterize the variability in these products and the reliability of emission screening. Finally, the current study extends analytical limitations of the BMES by attempting different techniques to analyze gas chromatograph/ mass spectrometer chemical peaks that were previously unidentified.
This laboratory study also supports the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) in their activities to better characterize the chemical emissions from resilient rubber based products and to develop four specific Indoor Air Reference Exposure Levels (iRELs).
In conducting the current study, we successfully acquired a wide range of TDR and non-TDR resilient flooring products to learn about product emission rates of VOCs. The study also solicited replicate samples manufactured in different times to see how rates varied for different production lots. Under this study, we developed an extended protocol for short-term and long-term conditioning and chemical emission testing, which started with the 14-d protocol, and extended to 90 days.
Three compounds (benzothiazole, methyl isobutyl ketone, and cyclohexanone) were emitted at substantial rates for most flooring products tested. For most products, emissions for these compounds were 75% or more of TVOCs released. However, there was a large amount of an unidentified compound in a small subset of products, plus one Indoor/Exterior paver with substantial emissions of aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds. We had limited success in identifying previously unresolved GC/MS peaks, although we were able to determine many of these compounds by their chemical classes.
TVOC emission rates were generally high, leading to potential room concentrations from 500 to several 1000 mg m-3 h-1. For the products acquired from different production lots, most of the major emission constituents were consistent. Chemicals of health concern were absent or emitted at low rates in most products. Xylenes and acetaldehyde were found in a range of products, while benzene and carbon disulfide were found at potential hazardous levels in just one or two samples. Contaminants seem to be due to minor constituents in the manufacturing process, since they were sometimes found in one production lot and not another.
Emission rates were noted to decline over time fairly rapidly the half-life of compounds (i.e., the time to drop to half of its initial rate) ranged from ~5 days to ~40 days. The decline of benzothiazole, methyl isobutyl ketone, and cyclohexanone emission rates (as well as TVOCs) were slower than for the more volatile minor constituents, e.g., Acetone, Acetaldehyde, and Benzene. In terms of long-term chemical exposures to room occupants, these toxic compounds are largely depleted in the first 2-4 weeks following installation. However, the major TVOC constituents persist, and as much as 25% of long-term exposures can remain after the initial flush-out period.
Environmental Specifications
on IAQ for Office Furniture
Other
NIOSH Novel Personal Bioaerosol Sampler
California Department of Health Service / Occupational Health Branch
-- Liz Katz ()
Molds in Indoor Workplaces HESIS Fact Sheet
The November updated version of this fact sheet is now available on the OHB web site For printed copies, call .
Please continue to refer occupational indoor air quality inquiries (mold or otherwise) to the HESIS Helpline, now at the toll-free number .
Emerging Nanotechnology Hazards to Workers And The Environment
OHB and OEHHA representatives began meeting regularly in November to share information on environmental health and safety pertaining to nanotechnology. Recent research and review articles have illuminated some toxic properties of engineered nanosized particles. In February, Robert Haas of OEHHA and Elizabeth Katz of OHB participated in a nanotechnology panel presented by the EH&S interest group of the Pacific Industrial and Business Association (PIBA).
California Department of Health Service / Radon Program
-- George Faggella ()
Check their web site (above).
California Department of Health Service / Tobacco Control Section
Joanne Wellman-Benson, RDH, MPH ()
Check their web site (above).
California Department of Industrial Relations (Cal/OSHA)
--Bob Nakamura ()
Check their web site (above).
-- Obed Odoemelam ()
Workshops
The Energy Commission held several workshops in and on the update to its building energy conservation standards. The next of these workshops is scheduled for March,. Related information may be found.
PIER Program
The Commission supports and funds research to better characterize the relationship between indoor environmental quality and building energy use. One of the most important of these is being funded in collaboration with the Air Resources Board (ARB) under the Commission Commission's Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program.
-- Dana Papke ()
-- Kathy Frevert ()
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
The Governors Action Team EPP Task Force has completed about half of its Best Practices Manual (available at: ). It will also participate in Department of General Services procurement teams developing new specifications for several upcoming state contracts.
At the
We are planning a Symposium
on Persistent, Bioaccumulative, Toxic Chemicals during
the ACS National meeting in
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment / Indoor Air Risk Assessment Group
-- Richard Lam ()
-- Janice Kim ()
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs): Recommendations to Reduce Exposure
The manufacture, distribution and
processing of products containing pentabrominated diphenyl ether (pentaBDE) and octabrominated diphenyl ether (octaBDE) flame retardants will be prohibited in California
as of June 1, (California Health and Safety Code Sections 108920 et seq.);
only products manufactured after June 1, are subject to the prohibition.
This prohibition was prompted by findings that exposures to polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are
widespread, and may pose health risks. However, the manufacture, distribution
and processing of products containing the most commonly used PBDE mixture, decabrominated diphenyl ether (decaBDE), has not been prohibited. PentaBDEs
and octaBDEs are ubiquitous and Californians will
continue to be exposed to them after
On-line at
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) as a Toxic Air Contaminant (TAC)
The California Air
Resources Board (CARB) identified ETS as a TAC on
Accordingly, OEHHA formally adds ETS to the list of TACs, which may cause infants and children to be especially susceptible to illness. See the following memorandum:
Listing of 2,4-D Acetic Acid and Related Compounds As Reproductive Toxicants
OEHHA has received requests from interested parties seeking further extension of the comment period to allow for the submission of complete and relevant scientific information. OEHHA has extended the public comment period for (2,4-dichlorphenoxy) acetic acid; 2,4-D n-butyl ester; 2,4-D isopropyl ester; 2,4-D isooctyl ester; propylene gylcol butyl ether ester (of 2,4-D); 2,4-D butoxyethanol ester; and 2,4-D dimethylamine salt to Monday, March 20,. 2,4-D products are herbicides used to target weeds and are frequently used in broadcast and spot treatment on turf. They are often found in house dust, which may be treaded into homes by children and adults after the herbicides were applied on lawns.
prop65/CRNR_notices/admin_listing/intent_to_list/pdf_zip/2,4D 2nd revised occupation and residential
More information is available
from: U.S. EPA. 2,4-D Revised
Occupational and Residential Exposure and Risk Assessment and Response to Phase
One Comments for the Registration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document.
Health Effects Division, Registration Branch, Office of Prevention, Pesticides
and Toxic Substances,
Health Criteria for School Sites
Endosulfan and deltametrin are pesticides used on ornamental plants in commercial agricultural settings such as in greenhouses. OEHHA is making available for review and comment the following reports:
o Development of Health Criteria for School Site Risk Assessment: Proposed Child-Specific Reference Dose (chRD) for School Site Risk Assessment, Endosulfan,
o Development of Health Criteria for School Site Risk Assessment: Proposed Child-Specific Reference Dose (chRD) for School Site Risk Assessment, Atrazine and Deltametrin,
o Development of Health Criteria for School Site Risk Assessment: Proposed Child-Specific Benchmark Blood Lead Concentration For School Site Risk Assessment.
Symposium on Childrens Environmental Health,
OEHHA organized a
symposium entitled, Childrens Environmental
Health: Endocrine Disruptors/Risk Assessment and Children, on
Check their web site (above).
-- Andrea Hricko ()
Check their web sites (below):
-- Debbie Decker ()
Check their web site (above).
-- Barbara Spark ()
-- Shelly Rosenblum
-- Louise Hill ()
Check their web site (above).
-- Philip P. Jalbert ( )
Check their web site (above).
Upcoming meetings of the CIWG-IAQ are scheduled as follows:
June 14
September 13
December 13
March 14
© Copyright. . Cal Iaq. All Rights Reserved. Terms | Site Map